How Totalitarian Were Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany free essay sample

Giovanni Amendola first coined the word ‘totalitarian’ when describing the Italian Fascist government under Benito Mussolini in 1923 as different to conventional dictatorships. It is after this that the word was popularised to have both negative and positive connotations. However, German theorist Carl Friedrich and political scientist Zbigniew Brzezinski collaborated to formulate a modern day politically scientific definition known as the ‘six-point syndrome’; a breakdown of totalitarianism into six key features and characteristics. I will use these individual points to structure my argument, firstly by analysing the ideology and its effectiveness, then the party and dictatorship. I will then evaluate the effectiveness of the ‘systems of terror’ and state control of the economy and military, as neither side appears to have absolute control but Nazi Germany has enough so that there are no other major instituations, unlike in fascist Italy. These elements will help to justify why I believe that Nazi Germany was very totalitarian in its nature, but despite the term originating from Fascist Italy, the modern day definition does not hold. We will write a custom essay sample on How Totalitarian Were Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first stage of the six-point syndrome was an official ideology. In this context political ideology is the set of beliefs, ideals and doctrines that shape the way society would be governed and conducted under those who hold these principles. Hitler devised his ideology and published it as ‘Mein Kampf’ in 1926, which essentially became the party manifesto. Although slightly demagogic, it revealed many of Hitler’s true ideals such as Lebensraum, a ‘living space’ for the German population to develop, autarky and the fact that Germany was in danger from the communists and Jewish people, whom he declared Germany’s two main enemies, thus creating a scapegoat and further deepening the investment in a German Nationalist ideology. However, a limitation to this stage is the failure of Brzezinski and Friedrich to include the implementation of this ideology across the nation. They are important as they give focus to the people of the nation. The idea of totalitarianism was to have a society in which the ideology of the government is held by and has influence over the majority of its citizens. Hitler created his own superior race: the Aryans. They were typically blonde with blue eyes, and most other people who did not possess these qualities were sent to the concentration camps. He went even further and took measures to make sure that people were indoctrinated with this ideology, by creating a law that all children under the age of eighteen had to be part of the Nazi youth movement. However, Hitler’s creation of the Aryan race and belief in the ‘survival of the fittest’ has been suggested by German historian Martin Broszat as a form of polyocracy, the idea that many, as opposted to one leader, control the state. He argues this as those institutions that were nationalised when the party rose to power, even though technically under the control of the Nazis, were still run by the same people parallel to institutions of the Nazis. Although, a limitation to this is the fact that he does not consider how many of these people had been consumed by the Nazi culture, and how Hitler did remove many leaders in place of his own. Therefore, they were ultimately all part of the same Nazi institution. In terms of Fascist Italy, it should be firstly noted that the term ‘totalitarianism’ itself was coined for the Italian government under Mussolini. Therefore whether it uses the modern day definition or not, there was obviously some degree of totalitarianism. Mussolini and his party’s official slogan was ‘credere, obbedire, combattere’, meaning ‘believe, obey, fight. ’ The party was Fascist, with Mussolini himself stating that there was ‘everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state’, which does show a large degree of totalitarianism within it. However he was also quite traditional as he encouraged woman to stay at home, abolished divorce and tried to promote this perfect, idyllic lifestyle. In this sense, there was an official ideology, but it was not implemented so thoroughly throughout the state. There was even a joke that came about during 1935 where Mussolini was asking his friend about the political orientation of the people of Milan. His friend responded by stating that there were ‘three-fourths socialists, †¦of the other a good part are communist, and the rest are catholic. ’ He then continued to state that even still, they were all fascists, implying that even if they said they were fascist, many still held other political beliefs. This shows that the ideology was not that well indoctrinated throughout Italy, and therefore not everyone believed in his party. Friedrich described a single mass party as the second stage, meaning that only one party is allowed to exist and even then in real sense the party is merely a tool in the hands of the dictator. The party are advocates for the diktats and policies of the leader who exist to help implement them and ensure the maintenance of control. Hitler managed to manipulate the political situation through passing the Enabling law which meant that the Reichstag had essentially voted itself out of existence; leaving power in the hands of the Nazis. Hitler did not have to answer to any parliament and could now effectively govern by himself. He then abolished all other parties, starting with the communists by proclaiming them enemies of Germany. This gave Hitler absolute control over the government and therefore a greater grasp over the nation, giving him more power as a totalitarian dictator. However, in Italy the situation was different, as although Mussolini was the dictator, there was still a constitutional monarchy at the time, which had the power to dismiss him whenever they desired. As Professor John Pollard states ‘the King represented a major grouping in Italian society, the upper middle class and aristocracy, and elements, like the Armed Forces, who never gave Fascism their full support. ’ He also had to work with the Roman Catholic Church after the Lateran Treaty, which was essentially a concordat between the Italian state and the Church. Therefore, Mussolini did not have absolute control as there were many large institutions working against him. De Gand states how the ‘catholic church and conservative industrial elites made a mockery of Fascism’s pretension to totalitarian control. The third characteristic is described as a ‘system of terror’ both physiologically and psychologically, ‘carried out by ‘secret police or party directed social pressure. ’ The secret police were to be directed against ‘demonstrable â€Å"enemies† of the regime’ and ‘more or less arbitrarily selected classes of the population’. For the Nazis, Hitler had the Gestapo, created shortly after the Nazis rose to power in 1933. It was originally under the control of Herman Goering, but was replaced by Heinrich Himmler in 1936. Although it is difficult to clearly categorise which demeanours fell under the jurisdiction of the Gestapo and other police forces due to the many mergers within the force, the Gestapo had one clear aim: to eliminate opposition. Summing up their bureaucratic organisation, Nazi jurist Dr Werner stated that, ‘as long as the ‘police’ carries out under the will of the leadership, it is acting legally. ’ This in itself shows how there were no limits to the Gestapo power, and Kershaw states how they used this as a ‘carte blanche’ to  carry out torture to obtain confessions, to kill without justification. Holocaust survivor Helen Stein spoke about how she heard her inmate being tortured by the Gestapo and that she would ‘come back with swollen eyes and a red puffed face. ’ They would enforce terror to such a great extent, and thus restricted any form of freedom of speech. In Italy, there was the OVRA, who successfully organised a system of terror and murdered many people who had held anti-fascist sentiments. They worked in a similar way to the Nazis, although they were extremely corrupt and inefficient, which meant that Mussolini did not have them under tight control, another limit to his totalitarian dictatorship. The fourth stage was cited as ‘technologically conditioned near-complete monopoly of control’ of mass communications by the party including ‘press, radio and film’. This means that there would be state censorship of all official published works, and tight control to ensure nothing against the party was distributed. Propaganda within Nazi Germany was highly effective, and was used to a severe level as Hitler realised the importance of the radio and newspapers and the large degree of influence they had over the population. Triumph of the Will, one of the most famous propaganda films, glorifies Hitler as it shows scenes of his resonant speech and carefully calculated gestures and expressions to make up his screen character, Hitler, leader of his people’ whilst sending subliminal messages to ‘brainwash’ and captivate the audience into a state of belief. Joseph Goebbels also ensured that nothing antagonistic or damaging to the party circulated or was read in Germany and to ensure that the views of the Nazis were put across in the most persuasive manner possible. However, there were a few groups that became quite well known, such as the White Rose group. This was an intellectual resistance non-violent group, first established by Hans and Sophie Scholl and their colleagues from Munich University. They handed out pamphlets encouraging people against the Nazis, although they were later murdered by the secret police. This shows that even if there was not complete conformity, the secret police reinforced control over those who were not susceptible to propaganda, so even if they did not believe in the Nazi ideology, they were too afraid to speak against it. Mussolini also used the media to indoctrinate the people of Italy, as he put up many posters around Italy of ‘Il Duce’, the perfect man in Italy. This was effective propaganda, and he even commissioned films like Hitler. However, these were rendered almost useless by the fact that there was a high illiteracy rate in Italy at the time and a general lack of enthusiasm for frequenting the cinema. Only ten percent of the population read the fascist newspaper, which meant that even if he did have control over mass communications, it was not very effective. The fifth stage is ‘a similarly technologically conditioned, near-complete monopoly of the effective use of all weapons of armed combat’. Scholar of military and holocaust history Dr Geoffrey Megargee commented how Hitler was ‘stubborn’ and ‘distrusted others. ’ He states that this meant he controlled the military, and thus he brought all control to himself by the end of the 1930s. However, Megargee does not address the fact that because Hitler took all the power for himself, he essentially got rid of the individuals that were actually loyal to the party, and would have effectively governed their section of the army. This meant that Hitler had to control an organisation of which historian Rudiger Overmans cites to be almost 18. 2 million at its peak, but did not have people in place to properly oversee and handle the more trivial matters. Therefore, military control would not have been as tight and thus the totalitarian idea of complete technologically conditioned control would not exist. Lastly, the final stage to the six-point syndrome is for the party to have central control of the economy. This would entail previously private and national businesses to be bureaucratically controlled and directed by the state. In Mussolini’s Italy, this certainly does not hold. Despite him creating government cartels such as the National Fascist Confederation of Industry and the National Fascist Confederation of Banking, not all factories were nationalised, as some were still owned by rich industrialists. Therefore, there was still a degree of private control within the country, and thus the state did not control all aspects of the economy. Historian Alexander de Grand commented on this as he stated ‘the fractionalisation of the state made it impossible to accomplish the totalitarian political and economic mobilisation. ’ To conclude, it appears that whilst both dictators did have a firm grasp on their countries, Hitler was more effective at implementing his ideology and installing a system of terror within the country. He successfully crushed any sort of opposition, and he was the ultimate ruling power, unlike Mussolini who had to cooperate with the Roman Catholic Church and the monarchy at the time. One of Mussolini’s greatest failures was the fact that he was unable to mobilise the entire population towards fascism ideology. There was some degree to his totalitarianism, as his party was the only one to exist and he had control over communications, but unlike Hitler he was unable to take it further than that and obtain absolute rule over his country.

Marijuana Prohibition Is A Violation Of First Amendment Rights Essays

Marijuana Prohibition is a Violation of First Amendment Rights "Let me ask you something? if you had a choice, what would it be: Marijuana or Martinis?" This question appeared in the New York Times on Tuesday, May 12th, 1998. Due to the "Marijuana Tax Act" of 1937 the only legal choice that you and the 18 million other adults who used marijuana last year can make is the martini ("Against Drug Prohibition" ix). The legal acceptance of alcohol, however, does not exclude it from the category of a "drug," even in the eyes of the Food and Drug Administration. The prohibition of marijuana is historically counteractive and a direct defiance of First Amendment rights. This prohibition has denied thousands of critically ill patients a drug that would effectively treat their illness and relieve their pain. The basis upon which marijuana is prohibited has been proven by the very government which has banned the drug to be false. Since 1914, our nation has outwardly protested against the use of any "drug," contrary to our past acceptance of the market. Before and during the Civil War, morphine (a derivative of opium) was implemented for it's anesthetic qualities and was used as a main ingredient in many medicines. Marijuana was also implemented by the medical community in the treatment of migraine headaches, insomnia and rheumatism and cocaine to treat sinusitis, hay fever, and chronic fatigue. These drugs were not only medicinal, however, and they became popular for recreation, and cocaine, specifically became an ingredient in wines and soft drinks, namely Coca Cola (Encarta, "Cocaine"). Just following the turn of the century, a new climate of temperance swept the nation and in 1914 Congress passed the Harrison Act, banning opiates and cocaine, and the prohibition of alcohol soon followed in 1918, making the U.S. officially a "dry" nation. This prohibition led to a rise in a black market trade of narcotics and alcohol. In 1933, the prohibition on alcohol was lifted due to an overwhelming public concern with widespread organized crime, police corruption and violence (Encarta, "Prohibition"). Much like the money spent on maintaining the prohibition of alcohol, since 1981, $150 million tax dollars have been spent in the attempt to prevent Colombian cocaine, Burmese heroine and Jamaican marijuana from entering U.S. borders. In light of this, evidence shows that for every ton of narcotics seized, hundreds more prevail. Also in relation to alcohol prohibition, those profiting most from America's "War on Drugs" are the organized crime barons, who make an estimated $10 to $50 billion dollars a year from drug trade alone (More Reefer Madness, 15-25). Again, in concurrence with the prohibition of alcohol, during the 1920s, bootleggers marketed small bottles of 100+ proof liquors due to their ability to more easily conceal them (Encarta, "Prohibition"). Drug smugglers tend to carry and sell hard drugs in extremely potent form (i.e. cocaine) for the same reason. The federal government also controls the amount of nicotine and other additives in cigarette and cigar manufacturing, in an effort to lessen their risk to public health. The same tactic could be used on marijuana. The "harmful" effects of marijuana usage are the number one reason for it's restriction. These effects, however, are disputable. As early as 1972, President Nixon's "National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse" concluded that, "There is little proven danger of physical or psychological harm from the experimental or intermittent use of natural preparation of cannabis," and recommended then that the personal and medical use of marijuana be decriminalized. Since that time, the NAS (National Academy of Sciences) Institute of Medicine, the Federation of American Sciences, the Australian Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, the American Public Health Association, the British Medical Association, and the New England Journal of Medicine have produced studies showing that marijuana use is not only harmless, but that it is also therapeutic in the treatment of many serious ailments. Moreover, marijuana has been proven to be less toxic and less expensive than conventional me dication and in many cases more effective than commercially available drugs ("Against Drug Prohibition" 13). It is in this that the prohibition of marijuana is most harmful to the American public. Graham Boyd, an attorney representing a group of plaintiffs including eleven prominent

Speech Writing For Pharmaceutical Sales Training

Speech Writing For Pharmaceutical Sales TrainingSample Ap Synthesis Essay is used in samples for pharmaceutical sales training by pharmaceutical sales professionals. It is a short essay that must be written in a style similar to a curriculum statement.The purpose of writing a speech writing sample is to establish and enhance the customer base of a new pharmaceutical company or make existing customers feel more comfortable with their healthcare provider. The sample will help the salesperson to develop a voice and a tone of communication that they can use to develop a positive relationship with the patient.A typical day for an accounting clerk or medical situation requires tasks such as taking patient orders, filling orders for drugs and medical supplies, tracking reimbursement and billing the physician. Because many employees do not understand how to give appropriate presentations, medical executives use SpeechWriting Services to help them speak professionally and clearly to patients in a way that makes sense to them.The use of speechwriting by medical organizations is no different than that used in any type of sales environment. Medical sales managers and physicians communicate using written and verbal methods. They find it easier to answer questions about the services they provide if they are able to present in a conversational manner rather than with direct statements.SpeechWriting Services employs medical professionals who specialize in writing this type of document. These professionals write samples in the form of research documents, sales letters, study guides and brochures. Writing samples for the medical industry are tailored specifically to the health care situation.While these writing samples and formal articles are written for communication purposes, they may also be used for the marketing or advertising needs of a company. The content of the writing sample is important for the salesperson to understand and convey the information effectively.Pharmaceu tical sales training programs in addition require that the medical science and the healthcare professions know how to communicate the importance of their products in a confident and professional manner. Without communicating these ideas, a patient will not make a purchase decision.Because the salesperson is trained to recognize when a customer's needs are met, the organization as a whole, especially the medical director, is able to create new products and services that are more cost effective. With a more realistic expectation of what can be accomplished, the organization can make more profit, attracting new clients.

War of 1812 - Causes

War of 1812 - Causes Having won its independence in 1783, the United States soon found itself a minor power without the protection of the British flag. With the security of the Royal Navy removed, American shipping soon began falling prey to privateers from Revolutionary France and the Barbary pirates. These threats were met during the undeclared Quasi-War with France (1798-1800) and First Barbary War (1801-1805). Despite success in these minor conflicts, American merchant ships continued to be harassed by both the British and the French. Engaged in a life-or-death struggle in Europe the two nations actively sought to prevent the Americans from trading with their enemy. In addition, as it depended upon the Royal Navy for military success, the British followed a policy of impressment to meet its growing manpower needs. This saw British warships stop American merchant vessels at sea and remove American sailors from their ships for service in the fleet. Though angered by the actions of Britain and France, t he United States lacked the military power to halt these transgressions. The Royal Navy Impressment The largest navy in the world, the Royal Navy was actively campaigning in Europe by blockading French ports as well as maintaining a military presence across the vast British Empire. This saw the size of the fleet grow to over 170 ships of the line and required in excess of 140,000 men. While volunteer enlistments generally met the services manpower needs during peacetime, the expansion of the fleet during times of conflict required the employment of other methods to sufficiently crew its vessels. To provide enough sailors, the Royal Navy was permitted a follow a policy of impressment which allowed it to draft into immediate service any able-bodied, male British subject. Often captains would send press gangs to round up recruits from pubs and brothels in British ports or from British merchant ships. The long arm of impressment also reached onto the decks of neutral commercial vessels, including those of the United States. British warships made a frequent habit of stopping neutral shi pping to inspect crew lists and remove British sailors for military service. Though the law required impressed recruits to be British citizens, this status was loosely interpreted. Many American sailors had been born in Britain and became naturalized American citizens. Despite possession of citizenship certificates, this naturalized status was often not recognized by the British and many American sailors were seized under the simple criterion of Once an Englishman, always an Englishman. Between 1803 and 1812, approximately 5,000-9,000 American sailors were forced into the Royal Navy with as many as three-quarters being legitimate American citizens. Heightening the tensions  was the practice of the Royal Navy stationing vessels off American ports with orders to search ships for contraband and men who could be impressed. These searches frequently took place in American territorial waters. Though the American government repeatedly protested the practice, British Foreign Secretary Lord Harrowby contemptuously wrote in 1804, The pretention advanced by Mr. [Secre tary of State James] Madison that the American flag should protect every individual on board of a merchant ship is too extravagant to require any serious refutation. The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair Three years later, the impressment issue resulted in a serious incident between the two nations. In the spring of 1807, several sailors deserted from HMS Melampus (36 guns) while the ship was at Norfolk, VA. Three of the deserters then enlisted aboard the frigate USS Chesapeake (38) which was then fitting out for a patrol in the Mediterranean. Upon learning of this, the British consul at Norfolk demanded that Captain Stephen Decatur, commanding the navy yard at Gosport, return the men. This was refused as was a request to Madison who believed the three men to be Americans. Subsequent affidavits later confirmed this, and the men claimed they had been impressed. The tensions were heightened when rumors circulated that other British deserters were part of Chesapeakes crew. Learning of this, Vice Admiral George C. Berkeley, commanding the North American station, instructed any British warship that encountered Chesapeake to stop it and search for deserters from HMS  Belleisle (74), HMSà ‚  Bellona (74), HMS  Triumph (74), HMS  Chichester (70), HMS  Halifax (24), and HMS  Zenobia (10). On June 21, 1807, HMS Leopard (50) hailed Chesapeake shortly after it cleared the Virginia Capes. Sending a Lieutenant John Meade as messenger to the American ship, Captain Salusbury Humphreys demanded that the frigate be searched for deserters. This request was flatly refused by Commodore James Barron who ordered the to ship be prepared for battle. As the ship possessed a green crew and the decks were cluttered with supplies for an extended cruise, this procedure moved slowly. After several minutes of shouted conversation between Humphreys and Barron, Leopard fired a warning shot, then a full broadside into the unready American ship. Unable to return fire, Barron struck his colors with three men dead and eighteen wounded. Refusing the surrender, Humphreys sent across a boarding party which removed the three men as well as Jenkin Ratford who had deserted from Halifax. Taken to Halifax, Nova Scotia, Ratford was later hung on August 31 while the other three were sentenced to 500 lashes each (this was later commuted). In the wake of the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair an outraged American public called for war and President Thomas Jefferson to defend the nations honor. Pursuing a diplomatic course instead, Jefferson closed American waters to British warships, secured the release of the three seamen, and demanded an end to impressment. While the British did pay compensation for the incident, the practice of impressment continued unabated. On May 16, 1811, USS President (58) engaged HMS Little Belt (20) in what is sometimes considered a retaliatory attack for the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair.  The incident followed an encounter between HMS Guerriere (38) and USS Spitfire (3) off Sandy Hook that resulted in an American sailor being impressed. Encountering Little Belt near the Virginia Capes, Commodore John Rodgers gave chase in belief the British vessel was Guerriere. After an extended pursuit, the two vessels exchanged fire around 10:15 PM. Following the engagement, both sides repeatedly argued that the ot her had fired first. Issues of Neutral Trade While the impressment issue caused problems, tensions were further heightened due to Britain and Frances behavior regarding neutral trade. Having effectively conquered Europe but lacking the naval strength to invade Britain, Napoleon sought to cripple the island nation economically. To this end he issued the Berlin Decree in November 1806 and instituted the Continental System which made all trade, neutral or otherwise, with Britain illegal. In response, London issued the Orders in Council on November 11, 1807, which closed European ports to trade and barred foreign ships from entering them unless they first called at a British port and paid customs duties. To enforce this, the Royal Navy tightened its blockade of the Continent. Not to be outdone, Napoleon responded with his Milan Decree a month later which stipulated that any ship that followed the British rules would be considered British property and seized. As a result, American shipping became prey for both sides. Riding the wave of outrage that followed the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807 on December 25. This act effectively ended American foreign trade by prohibiting American ships from calling at overseas ports. Though drastic, Jefferson hoped to end the threat to American vessels by removing them from the oceans while depriving Britain and France of American goods. The act failed to achieve his goal of pressuring the European superpowers and instead severely crippled the American economy. By December 1809, it was replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act which allowed overseas trade, but not with Britain and France. This still failed to change their policies. A final revision was issued in 1810 which removed all embargoes, but stated that if one nation stopped attacks on American ships, the United States would begin an embargo against the other. Accepting this offer, Napoleon promised Madison, now president, that neutral rights would honored. This agreement further angered the British despite the fact that the French reneged and continued seizing neutral ships. War Hawks Expansion in the West In the years following the American Revolution, settlers pushed west across the Appalachians to form new settlements. With the creation of the Northwest Territory in 1787, increasing numbers moved to the present-day states of Ohio and Indiana pressuring the Native Americans in those areas to move. Early resistance to white settlement led to conflicts and in 1794 an American army defeated the Western Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Over the next fifteen years, government agents such Governor William Henry Harrison negotiated various treaties and land deals to push the Native Americans farther west. These actions were opposed by several Native American leaders, including the Shawnee chief Tecumseh. Working to build a confederacy to oppose the Americans, he accepted aid from the British in Canada and promised an alliance should war occur. Seeking to break the confederacy before it could fully form, Harrison defeated Tecumsehs brother, Tenskwatawa, at the Battle of Tippecano e on November 7, 1811. During this period, settlement on the frontier faced a constant threat of Native American raids. Many believed these were encouraged and supplied by the British in Canada. The actions of the Native Americans worked to advance British goals in the region which called for the creation of a neutral Native American state that would serve as a buffer between Canada and the United States. As a result, resentment and dislike of the British, further fueled by events at sea, burned brightly in the west where a new group of politicians known as the War Hawks began to emerge. Nationalistic in spirit, they desired war with Britain to end the attacks, restore the nations honor, and possibly to expel the British from Canada. The leading light of the War Hawks was Henry Clay of Kentucky, who was elected to the House of Representatives in 1810. Having already served two brief terms in the Senate, he was immediately elected Speaker of the House and transformed the position into one of power. In Congr ess, Clay and the War Hawk agenda were supported by individuals such as John C. Calhoun (South Carolina), Richard Mentor Johnson (Kentucky), Felix Grundy (Tennessee), and George Troup (Georgia). With Clay guiding debate, he ensured that Congress moved down the road to war. Too Little, Too Late Seizing upon the issues of impressment, Native American attacks, and the seizure of American ships, Clay and his cohorts clamored for war in early 1812, despite the countrys lack of military preparedness. Though believing that the capture of Canada would be simple task, efforts were made to expand the army but without great success. In London, the government of King George III was largely preoccupied with Napoleons invasion of Russia. Though the American military was weak, the British did not wish to fight a war in North America in addition to the larger conflict in Europe. As a result, Parliament began debating repealing the Orders in Council and normalizing trade relations with the United States. This culminated in their suspension on June 16 and removal on June 23. Unaware of developments in London due to the slowness of communication, Clay led the debate for war in Washington. It was a reluctant action and the nation failed to unite in a single call for war. In some places, people even debated who to fight: Britain or France. On June 1, Madison submitted his war message, which focused on maritime grievances, to Congress. Three days later, the House voted for war, 79 to 49. Debate in the Senate was more extensive with efforts made to limit the scope of the conflict or delay a decision. These failed and on June 17, the Senate reluctantly voted 19 to 13 for war. The closest war vote in the history of country, Madison signed the declaration the next day. Summing up the debate seventy-five years later, Henry Adams wrote, Many nations go to war in pure gayety of heart, but perhaps the United States were the first to force themselves into a war they dreaded, in hope that the war itself might create the spirit they lacked.

Business Essays – Employment Relation Work

Business Essays Employment Relation Work Employment Relation Work Compare and Contrast Employment Relation System in Britain and America The history of employment relations is dominated by the changing relationships between workers, trade unions, employers and the state. The concept which started from the rights for sufficient payment and good working conditions now has evolved in much broader areas. Coming from mid 19 th century to this date, employment relation has evolved a lot as a concept and practice. Employment relation in Britain and USA has some similarity in its fundamental areas of pay and working conditions; however, there are some differences like in industrial relation, unionism, collective bargaining as well as other HR practices. What are Employment Relation and Industrial Relation? Employment relation is the broader term of industrial relation. The term â€Å"industrial relations† has developed both a broad and a narrow meaning. When defining broadly, industrial relations, relationships and interac tions between employers and employees. From this perspective, industrial relations cover all aspects of the employment relationship, including human resource (or personnel) management, employee relations, and union-management (or labour) relations. However, the term ‘industrial relation’ was narrowed in 1950s and 60s to avoid the confusion from word industrial, now , more restricted interpretation that largely links it with unionized employment relationships. In this view, industrial relations relate to the study and practice of collective bargaining, trade unionism, and labour-management relations, while human resource management is a separate, largely distinct field that deals with non-union employment relationships and the personnel practices and policies of employers. Thus, employment relations can be said to encapsulate both HRM and industrial relations. UK history Employment relation, as we now know, essentially grew from the trade union with the need to improve p ay and working conditions, in particular around issues of health and safety and quality of life for the workers. To understand the issues today it is important to remember the past and the origins of the Trade Union movement and, in particular the role that women played in that process. Trade unions in the industrialization in the 18th century existed as artisans’ guilds; but trade unions did not formally (or legally) come into existence in Britain until the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. Employers used to determine the wages of an individual worker. Trade unions were not legal, also legislation prevents their existence. Workers were able to form friendly societies and trade clubs, but were hindered by the legislation. The Six Acts of 1819 extend the magistrates’ powers and restrict meetings and the distribution of leaflets. Trade Unions Act of 1825, allowed trade unions to exist, but not to strike, picket, or intimidate the workers who did not go on strike . The legislation 1824–25 enabled organizations of workers to engage in collective bargaining. In 1851 the Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE) was formed. It was followed by unions in a number of crafts, such as carpentry, bricklaying, and boiler making These ‘New Model unions’ offered schemes against sickness, unemployment, and old age, and did not wish to change the nature of society. They did not support strikes, and tried instead to negotiate with employers. They were well organized and, since they recruited from skilled workers, well financed.

Poem analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Poem analysis - Assignment Example She is a beautiful young woman, but instead of pursuing her dreams, she is dancing and singing as a prostitute. The use of race suggests that her skin color has affected her access to social and economic opportunities. Hughes also connects race to suffering. He mentions that the pianist has â€Å"his ebony hands on each ivory key,† (9), followed by â€Å"[h]e made that poor piano moan with melody† (10). The nearness of these statements implies that the man’s race has something to do with his suffering. He could be experiencing distress because his music cannot have a bigger audience due to his race. He could also be witnessing racism daily that burdens his soul. Besides racial descriptions, these poems have similes that relate to suffering. McKay uses a simile to compare the prostitute’s voice to â€Å"blended flutes† (3). Blended flutes demonstrate the beauty of the woman’s form that is compared to a flute, and the melody of her song that is similar to flute music that can be understood by many people. This simile is important in contrasting the form with the essence of the music, which is no longer blended, but full of pain and sadness. Hughes also uses simile to show that suffering can be performed. If the prostitute can sing and dance and appear like she is in another place, the pianist in Hughes’ poem can also perform, this time with a piano, while he is singing. Hughes says: â€Å"He played that sad raggy tune like a musical fool† (13). The pianist looks like a musical fool, but at least, he has music to express his sadness that is deep in his soul. He uses music to unload the burdens of his race. Apart from similes, these poems use musical metaphors to describe how music helps express and reduce people’s innermost anxieties. The prostitute of â€Å"The Harlem Dancer† feels like an object that is consumed because her performance is paid through â€Å"coins† and because her

Writing to Evaluate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing to Evaluate - Essay Example Varied ethnicities and social mores have a lot in common, especially in the current times. Men and women do behave differently in every culture. For instance the American women enjoy more freedom than their counterparts in any other part of the world. For an individual from a more restrained culture at USI, the opportunity to play soccer with females and being pushed or tackled by a woman could turn out to be really amazing. The girls may not have the sportsmen like skills, but they do have the right to share a soccer field with males, without cowering to any considerations regarding varied gender issues. While in many Asian countries, it’s the family that takes the important decisions regarding a girl’s life; in America women do have the right to choose their partners and to freely live their lives as they want to. In that context, a person visiting Hong Kong for the first time may be shocked at finding dog and cat meat dishes in the regular menus at the local restaurants (Ingrams 134). Yet, for a Chinese it could mean just one other culinary delight or a dietary preference. Indeed food is one major difference between varied cultures. Also, food could turn out to be a unique experience in the US, because it is imported from almost every nation and it gets really difficult to tell, which a foreign food is and which a traditional American food is. For instance, most of the people in the Middle East do not eat pork, just like the Jewish people from Israel. It gets really funny to notice that the Arabs and the Israelis can share their dietary preferences, but they cannot share the land. In the US, fast food and gas stations are almost ubiquitous, while in the Middle East, one could find barber shops and laundries almost everywhere. Indeed, the human needs do tend to differ from one culture to othe r. The way people dress up in the Arab nations is unique. Some people there