Fears Associated With Pregnancy And Childbirth Essays - Midwifery

Fears Associated With Pregnancy And Childbirth Melender, H. S. Lauri, S. (1999). Fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth-Experiences of women who have recently given birth Midwifery, 15(3), 178-183. This descriptive study was undertaken to describe fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth. Also to see whether women who have recently given birth feel that their fears were justified. A convenience sample of 20 women, 10 primipare and 10 multiparae were interviewed in the maternity units of two university hospitals in Finland. A qualitative study was used, and data were collected by semi-structured interviews held 2 or 3 days after childbirth. Data interpretation was based on the method of content analysis. The authors found that the most common fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth were concerns with the babys well-being, the course of pregnancy, and childbirth. The fears found expression in different kinds of behaviors, emotions and physical sensations. Many of the participants felt that their fears had not been justified, but some maintained that their fears had been justifiable. The authors conclude that there was much inter-individual variation in the fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth. The findings further verify the importance that diagnosis during pregnancy is undertaken sensitively and that the care-giver remember that pregnant women may have very serious fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth. Critique: This study is timely, and in general, well done. The sample size was small, therefore, generalizations to an entire population cannot be made. The authors have done an adequate job of explaining their findings in understandable terms and document their rationale with a concise literature review. They give an appropriate rational for the convenience sampling of the Finnish women. The discussion is clearly written. The conclusions the authors draw are consistent with the data presented, and they conclude with a well defined point that it may not be essential to try to protect women against these fears, but to give every pregnant women the opportunity to deal with her own fears and to obtain the help she needs in her situation. Medicine

Free Essays on The Cast Of Amontillado

The Cask Of Amontillado It is Edgar Allan Poe’s intense use of intense irony throughout the cask of Amontillado that establishes the short story as an indeed interesting candidate worthy of thorough analysis. The skill full use of these devices are utilized by the author to create this horrific a suspenseful masterpiece. The Cask Of Amontillado is a horror short story, which revolves around the themes of revenge and pride. The plot involves two men: Montresor, the narrator, who is an Italian aristocrat seeking revenge against the second main character: Fortunato, a proud man that boast about his connoisseurship of wines and who finally walks into his own death. From the very beginning we notice the apparition of irony in the story. The very mane Fortunato would clearly imply that this is a man of good fortune, when the actual case is that he is about to suffer an untimely demise: the end of his life. The setting in which the story takes place again shows an ironic element. It is during Venice’s Carnival that the characters meet. Carnival is supposed to be a time of celebration and happiness for everybody. However, in the tale it is a time for revenge and death. The atmosphere changes drastically when the two protagonists leave the gaiety of carnival for the gloomy and desolate catacombs beneath Montresor’s palazzo. We learn from the narrator that when he first meets Fortunado the latter has apparently been drinking and is dressed in many colors, resembling a jester. His costume suggests that he will be the one playing the fool. On the other hand Montresor is dressed in a black colored cloak and has his face covered in a black mask. At this point one can mention the presence of symbols: the black mask and outfit might be a representation of Death or the devil. Such figure foreshadows the events taking place later that night in the damp catacombs. More memorable lines in the story are given by Montresor in response to Fortuna... Free Essays on The Cast Of Amontillado Free Essays on The Cast Of Amontillado The Cask Of Amontillado It is Edgar Allan Poe’s intense use of intense irony throughout the cask of Amontillado that establishes the short story as an indeed interesting candidate worthy of thorough analysis. The skill full use of these devices are utilized by the author to create this horrific a suspenseful masterpiece. The Cask Of Amontillado is a horror short story, which revolves around the themes of revenge and pride. The plot involves two men: Montresor, the narrator, who is an Italian aristocrat seeking revenge against the second main character: Fortunato, a proud man that boast about his connoisseurship of wines and who finally walks into his own death. From the very beginning we notice the apparition of irony in the story. The very mane Fortunato would clearly imply that this is a man of good fortune, when the actual case is that he is about to suffer an untimely demise: the end of his life. The setting in which the story takes place again shows an ironic element. It is during Venice’s Carnival that the characters meet. Carnival is supposed to be a time of celebration and happiness for everybody. However, in the tale it is a time for revenge and death. The atmosphere changes drastically when the two protagonists leave the gaiety of carnival for the gloomy and desolate catacombs beneath Montresor’s palazzo. We learn from the narrator that when he first meets Fortunado the latter has apparently been drinking and is dressed in many colors, resembling a jester. His costume suggests that he will be the one playing the fool. On the other hand Montresor is dressed in a black colored cloak and has his face covered in a black mask. At this point one can mention the presence of symbols: the black mask and outfit might be a representation of Death or the devil. Such figure foreshadows the events taking place later that night in the damp catacombs. More memorable lines in the story are given by Montresor in response to Fortuna...

Development of childrens higher order reading skills Essay

Development of childrens higher order reading skills - Essay Example Children are always the same, it’s the educational setup that needs to be adapted to their needs for a good nation building. Knowledge is extremely important for every individual in order to keep up with the rapidly modifying dynamic nature of the modern world. Books are among the key sources, that children can develop knowledge from. Learning starts from the day the child is born. He keeps on developing an understanding for the world as he/she experiences matters of daily life. Every child starts the journey of speech from broken words. Then the child starts to link words to express his/her meaning effectively. These broken words are aided by actions. A child may not be structuring the sentence correctly, but is careful about acting enough so that the meaning gets delivered. With due passage of time, with careful attention and regular practice, the child unintentionally starts to construct the sentence in the right way. It is the nature of every creature to adopt ways to communicate, and this urge is inborn. A child’s psychology is greatly influenced by colors. A child’s world is a world of colors and fantasies. That is why in our life, at a later stage, we find things, that once we used to fancy in our childhood, very absurd. So the delicate child-nature needs to be dealt with immense care to develop good reading skills in the child.

Project #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project #2 - Essay Example Dr. B identifies three main challenge areas that need to be addressed by the company: talent acquisition, compensation, and training and development. The most important problem in HR appears to be market changes that increase manpower costs. The result is that compensation is not well balanced with talent, which causes delays in the recruitment process. The company then suffers losses in terms of time schedules and workload issues. Furthermore, a lack of sufficient talent and manpower places more stress upon existing employees, with the result that performance suffers. The first strategy to handle this problem can be to implement training and development for staff as they are recruited. The compensation package can then include bonuses and rewards as staff becomes better trained. For existing staff, a bonus and reward system can also be implemented. Staff who volunteer for certain levels of training and completing these successfully can for example be rewarded by various means. This could include raises, bonuses, or other forms of reward such as holidays. In terms of talent acquisition, appropriate members of staff can be identified to help with this. Staff can for example be asked to identify potential talent in their social circles.

Value for health care managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Value for health care managers - Essay Example In this gradual endeavor, healthcare managers may help a medical personnel carry out vital tasks efficiently in treating a patient by examining the set of necessities that matter to the working personnel who seeks to fulfil them to acquire a motivational tool for enhancing performance. It may be a tedious work to come to know and evaluate the concerns of each individual working in a medical firm. There are need-based theories of motivation, however, which a healthcare manager may look into and for which to invest some time to assist him in determining which would be most fitting and valuable at targeting to motivate a particular group or individual in the company. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the ERG theory of Clayton Alderfer, the Two-Factor theory of Frederick Herzberg, and D. McClelland’s Acquired Needs theory are the four need-based theories of motivation which to some extent attempt to demonstrate grounds for human needs and wants (Carpenter, Bauer, & Erdogan, 2009 ). Majority of these and related theories according to the specific needs of a man bring across the significance of having certain needs come to be satisfied prior to shifting focus on other priorities that are less relevant in the sense that they bear no direct impact upon motivation. By his Hierarchy of Needs, Abraham Maslow proposed ranking of human needs with the use of pyramid representation where the basic of all is the state of ‘physiology’. Maslow points out that only by satisfying such primary requirement through sufficient food, air, and water can the person proceed to deal with supplicating the need for safety which is on the next level since needs come in the order of importance and human desires attached with the needs, particularly those yet to be satisfied, affect human behavior (Cuizon, 2009). Using the pyramid model, Maslow further levels up safety to social need after which esteem is accounted for in order that self-actualization on the top-most level can be sustained by a character initially developed by self-worth. The hierarchy presents a systematic manner of assessing where a laborer stands within circumstances which allow him to display appropriate potentials where, in doing so, the process may inevitably reflect what he lacks or yearns for. Moreover, application of Maslow’s theory could bring out in each subject the type of response through which a behavior is delivered or that which suggests how the person feels about the situation in relation to himself and the people around him. Consequently, his strengths and weaknesses are also revealed in the course of communicating to others his set of attributes and principles which depict them. For instance, an employee who is trying to feed her esteem may be appreciative of a boss who receives an equal or higher degree of acclaim may rather find it unsuitable or awkward if she occurs to be at the stage of trying to be socially content, knowing that individual rewards would probably keep her further apart from the rest of the circle which she desires to be part of (Carpenter, et al., 2009). Considering the ability of a competent healthcare manager to execute

Ancient And Historical Town Of Harar Tourism Essay

Ancient And Historical Town Of Harar Tourism Essay Harar is an ancient and historical town of Ethiopia, which is located in the eastern part of the country and about 525 away from the capital city, Addis Ababa. According to the current regional Administration set up it is the capital of Harari National Regional State. In 2008, Harari Region had a total population of 188,173 of which 94,688 were males (51.6%) and 93,485 were females (48.4%) Currently the population of Harar city is estimated to be 199,321. The area of town is about 1720 hectares (17. 29 Kms). The city has two distinct sections, the new and the old parts of the city. The old city comprises the walled part, popularly known as Jegole is far more densely populated than others areas of the city. The town has got five gates namely Erer Ber, Buda Ber, Senga Ber Felana Ber, and Shewa Ber. At present, the town has six Kebele Administrations (KAs) and nineteen sub Kebeles. Harar has been and remains the major trade center in the eastern part of Ethiopia. Its commercial orientation dates back to the older times, when it had contacts and strong trade links with India, Greece, Turkey, Italy Yemen, Egyptian and other Arab Nations. The Jegol with its five main gates represents a unique historical and religions place for residents and an attraction for tourists. The hyena show is a unique phenomenon in the country and perhaps in the whole world. The cultural heritages including the Mosques, Shrines, Harari National House, traditional handicrafts and tools make Harar one of the most important places and centers of attraction in the country. Recently the UNESCO had included the city in its list of world heritages. In such a place SWM gains importance as people from all walks of life from all over the world pay visits to know more about the city. Hence, this project is quite relevant to make the city cleaner and the population healthy and productive. Moreover, the migration adds woe to SMW in Harar city. It adds number to the existing population and contributes to the rapid increase in garbage accumulation which negatively influences MSWM in the city. Migration is one of the components of population dynamics that can affect the population size of an area when its volume is significant. People move towards areas which are believed to be desirable for either economic or non economic reasons through interplay of push factors at the place of origin and pull factors at the place of destination. The following are major push factors that face people to leave rural areas in the region and come into Harar city. Scarcity of agricultural land in rural area, Poverty of rural people due to various socio-economic crises, and Existence of trade in Harar town especially, large scale contraband trade, illegal smuggling of cattle and chat from the region to neighboring counties As population increases all over Sub-Saharan Africa, the quantum of garbage accumulated on each passing day also increases multifold. Many countries in African Continent are in the stage of development and the problems they face in all spears of life are numerous. Among them collection of garbage accumulated, mange the collected garbage and its disposal are of paramount importance as it affects the day to day life of almost every household with respect to Sanitation, Health, Economy, Livelihood and Socio-Cultural Phenomenon. Ethiopia is not an exception in this regard. There exists a system of garbage collection and disposal in the capital city Addis Ababa. Although it might be as efficient as it should be, the public gets some support and help from the municipal administration to live in a related clean environment. Moreover, there are mechanisms and devices in place in Addis Ababa metropolis to handle and manage of solid wastes accumulated. On the other hand, elsewhere in the count ry including the Historical city of Harar, one can find no established system exists with regard to garbage collection and disposal in general and solid waste management in particular. Hence, this study had looked into the factors that affect the solid waste management of the Harar municipality form different angles. On one hand Garbage management in general is a huge task to a developing country while its population and social participations is increasing rapidly. On the other hand, solid waste management in particular poses a great threat to its population challenging the health, economic, educational and socio-cultural fronts. Further, in the modern times occupational migration takes places, especially in developing countries, at a faster rate than ever before. This brings along with it economic strains, environmental population and various diseases. This is quite true to Harar city in Ethiopia as urban migration is in full swing as the city develops fast. There are umpteen numbers of constraints with regard to solid waste management. It varies from financial to sc social constraints. Some of them are geographically influenced while others are caused by negligence of personal and environmental hygiene. Hence , this project aims at bring to the notice of the policy makers of the country in general and to the Harar municipal administration in particular to take necessary actions and prepare interventions so that the solid waste management in Harar city soon becomes effective and this Historical City becomes a green and beautiful city. Moreover, this project may forward some input as the inclusion of direct water supply and sanitation targets are directly included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of the nation. It was basically hypothesized in this project that demographic, institutional and socio-economic factors of the household were playing key roles with regard to SWM of Harar city. However, these factors were greatly influenced by the following broad based phenomena with respect to municipal SWM system. In any given country solid waste management system displays several problems, including low collection coverage by concerned authorities besides, poor collection methods. The garbage collected is not properly stored and eventually disposed. Consequently, disease spreading micro-organisms spread at alarming rate and speed. Several factors are responsible for this situation. They can broadly be grouped as institutional, social, financial, technical, economic, and constraints as explained below. Technical Constraints Lack of Human Resource This is a major problem in developing word. On one hand, people do not want to be sanitation workers as they believe that are looked down by the society; the compensation for such workers is indeed very low, on the other. Consequently, there is enough manpower to so the job. Therefore, the development of human resources is essential Ineffective Planning Another important aspect is planning with regard to SWM. In the absence required resources even an effective plan fails more often than not. Moreover, experts in SWM planning are few. Even those very few experts available in this filed are not given any skill upgrading training. This results in inefficiency as they could not plan as per the demand of the situation. It is fact in many countries in Africa that SWM planning is always linked with general planning. Lack of Research Activities Almost all countries in Africa lack funds for all- round development in general and SWM in particular. In the absence of required funds, research activities can not be initiated. In the absence of research, any development in this filed is impractical. Hence, more research activities are to be carried out in this regard. The current project is a step forward in this regard. (b) Financial Constraints Funds Provided by Central / State Governments MSWM is not given priority in many parts of the world, especially in several developing nations. The annual budget allotted for MSWM could not meet even 6 months need. Lack of funds is indeed a great barrier in MSWM. Willingness to Pay by the Users/Households The problem is indeed great at the local government level in many developing countries. People in many countries in the developing world believe that MSWM is the total responsibility entrusted with the central, regional and local authorities and the individual citizen has nothing to do with it. Hence, the willingness to pay by the citizens is very low and it gets worse as the income of majority of the people in the developing world is bare enough to make both the ends in their day-to-life leave alone their willingness to pay for MSWM. Lack of Industrial Development It is needless to say that industrial development in the developing world is slow and it faces several continuous constraints. The governments, hence, are forced to import spare parts and machines from abroad using their hard earned foreign currencies. This has a negative impact in the development of the nations concerned. The lack of industry is responsible for several bottlenecks in MSWM as the municipalities could not get needed implements and machinery to collect, store and dispose the garbage safely. Moreover, due to lack of industries, the solid wastes could not be recycled and reused. (c) Institutional Constraints Lack of Coordination between Institutions Communication between and among institutions that have stakes in MSWM is matter of concern. There exists lack of coordination among them and this creates hindrances in effective MSWM. The sanitation workers may not receive timely instructions form the MSWM controlling body and the MSWM controlling body itself may not receive any communications or instructions from health institutions, hospitals, industries and the like on the nature and amount of SW available for collection and disposal. Difficulties in Enforcing SWM Laws No laws were enacted in many countries in the developing world with regard to MSWM. There are several social and tradition al constraints in enacting any law in MSWM. Although a few countries enacted laws in this regard, they could not effectively enforce them due to financial constrains, lack of manpower and public cooperation. Moreover, there is lack of clear legal authorization to local governments from the federal level with regard to MSWM. (d) Social Constraints Households Attitude towards SWM Personnel Even in the current 21st century, some people still believe that a sanitation worker is doing an inferior job such as collecting industrial and human waste. This taboo prevents many from joining the sanitation team paid or unpaid. Absence of Social and Economic Incentives It is a fact that the educational level of the people is far below in the developing world in comparison with industrialized countries. Hence, social attitude towards MSWM is not encouraging. People do not come forward to participate in any cleaning activities proposed by local administration or Non Governmental Originations or Environmental Activists. Although some people may come forward to participate in such activities, they may not get required devices to perform the job such as a broom-stick, a fork and a garbage collection container. Moreover, scavenging from waste disposal is a livelihood strategy to many people. They collect materials from the garbage that they could sell in the market or individual and earn money. Large number of people involved in this activity. They have no training for change of profession and to become creative citizens. Thus, this project looked into the factors mentioned above aggregately focusing on the demographic, institutional and socio-cultural realities related to the households in the selected study areas of Harar city with regard to SWM. Statement of the Problem We discussed above several factors that have direct relationship with and influence on SWM in Harar city. Any onlooker in the main streets of the city can easily say that the current SWM system in the city is quite wanting. One could see garbage is spilled on the road sides, corners and in front of dwelling premises. There is municipal overseeing in the city with regard to garbage collection and distribution. Yet, there are several factors that make the SWM of the city poor and inefficient. The following illustrations illuminate the problems of SWM system of Harar city. The following snapshot clearly shows that SWM is not in a desired level. Rubbish and refuse are thrown indiscriminately all over the place in the city. Although there are garbage containers placed at different locations in the city, there is no controlling mechanism to see that they are properly maintained. People and animal alike live together in the place very close to garbage collection containers. To make matters worse materials for human consumption such as vegetables are kept for sales in close proximity of garbage containers that may result in environmental pollution and health havoc. Photo 1 Proximity of Public-Business- Animal to Waste Containers Source: Own Photography, 2010 Another snap shot taken a few days ago at the study area depicts the awful situation in which human and mammal make day-to-day living along with the garbage as if nothing unusual is happening. It is evident from the picture that the garbage container is very much in place; nevertheless, the hazardous garbage is spilled all over the place where human and animal walk on that. This may eventually result in epidemics and environmental degradation. It is evident from the picture above and the one below that garbage collection is erratic and the socio economic condition of household living in the vicinity plays its own role towards this environmental condition that prevails in the study area. Photo 2 Animal Human- Business Garbage Together: a Health Hazard Source: Own Photography, 2010 From the picture below one can get a horrible sight adjacent to the city limits. People who make their living from collecting materials that they can sell from the rubbish are doing their job in a condition that might infect them and eventually make them unproductive citizens. Here also man and mammal are close to each other. The pickers do not wear any protective gears- not even gloves. This is due to the fact that the collected refuse is not stored properly and the disposal system is indeed alarming. The rubbish may decay in very short time due to humidity and spill into waterways and water points nearby. The wind plays its part in bringing the garbage back into the city. Neither sanitary workers nor municipal guards are seen anywhere near the dump. Photo 3 Waste Pickers- Young and Old with Animal- A Risky Survival Source: Own Photography, 2010 In the following illustration we could see that the municipal sanitary worker collects the garbage into a small mobile container. Although the container is already filled to its capacity, the worker is on the process of filling it with more garbage only to make it fall on the road reroute. The mobile container is small that it may not suffice the need in comparison with that the total amount of garbage collected in the area that is thickly populated. A single sanitary worker is in action in a place where hundreds of kilos of rubbish generated in a single day. Moreover, the sanitary worker uses a broom stick made of local grass and has no spatula nor other devises that are needed to handle the rubbish. Photo 4 Ill-equipped Sanitation Worker Source: Own Photography, 2010 We shall now look at the final destination of the garbage collected from the city. They are brought to a place just outside the main settlement area of the city and dumped in an open field without any protection or fence. The garbage is piled over and over and eventually they fall into the waterway underneath and reach the households nearby. They are highly contaminated and for sure put the members of the households in risk that come into contact with the rubbish. More importantly, this dump is the breeding ground for flies and mosquitoes that spread diseases of different kinds. The vegetation near the dump site dwindles due to the toxic soil caused by the chemical reaction of the rubbish stored for unlimited number of days and months. Above all the dump site is certainly not an attraction to any visitor to this historical and UNESCO preserved city. It is evident from the description and illustration above that the SWM system is not upto the desired level at Harar city. There are several factors that make SWM not effective elsewhere in the country in general and in Harar city in particular. The current SWM system in the city puts the households at the risk of getting exposed to health hazardous and socio-economic debacles. Moreover, neither any survey researches nor project works were carried out in the city on this thematic area although some reports were submitted by appointed consultants to the local government on SWM in Harar city. The researcher, thus, feels there is gap in this regard and he believes this project can fill to a given extent. Project Purpose Solid waste is generated more and more at the end of each day throughout the world. Therefore, the space needed to store it and its handling techniques decrease fast. Yet, there are people who are really concerned on this issue. Our households and industries create waste; hence, it our duty to device a mechanism to solve this problem. We have to reduce the refuse, reuse the remaining, and recycle the rest. It is obvious that it is easier said than done as many people live in cities of REFUSE. To make matters worse, the wealthier nations are bargaining with the needy nations to accept their waste, both civil and nuclear. However, the problems and short comings in SWM may not be similar in all countries although it is indeed a challenge to the world in general and developing countries like Ethiopia in particular. It is even worse in place like Harar- a historical city in Ethiopia due to the combination of several problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to look into some factors that the researcher believes contribute towards the poor and weak SWM in the city. 1.4 Objectives of the Project The general objective of this study is to look into factors that negatively affect SWM in Harar city The Specific objectives are: The current level of SWM in Harar city, and Factors that effect the SWM service delivery in Harar city It was hypothesized for this project that the prevailing municipal SWM system at Harar had several challenges and threats influenced by demographic, institutional and socio-economic factors. Based on this hypothesis the following questions were addressed for this project What is the current Status of the Solid Waste Management by the Harar municipality? What are the challenges faced by the municipality and the household members with regard to garbage accumulation, collection and disposal in the study area? What are the threats that face both the municipal administration and the household members in this regard? What could be the solutions to mitigate the challenges and threats so faced by the municipality and the household with regard to Solid Waste Management? Methodology Harar city is situated 525 Kms away from the capital city Addis Ababa to the east. It is a historical city dated back to several centuries. It is one of the holy places for Muslims all over the world. Harar is also known as Walled City as the entire city was circled by a long wall then. Presently, the city is extended out side the wall limits. It is a city known for trade. Almost all types of trades are carried out here. There are six Kebele Administrations (KAs) in Harar City. In addition to these PAs there are nineteen sub-Kebeles in the city. The following is the map of Ethiopia that shows the location of Harar city. Figure 1 Map that Shows the Location of Harar City in Ethiopia Source: Bureau of Finance and Economic Development, Harari Regional State For this study two Kebele Administrations viz. Amernur Kebele from within the Jegol and Jinela Kebele outside the Jegol were purposively selected based on the fact that they are larger Kebeles in population and size. Moreover, these two KAs contribute the largest share to the daily garbage accumulation of the city as per the available information from the Municipality of Harar. Both Amernur and Jinela Kebeles are inhabited by households who are involved in trade, civil service and skilled and unskilled jobs. Jinela Kebele has the largest open market of the city with household population. In Amernur Kebele the SW generated included both household rubbish and trade refuses whereas in Jinela Kebele the SW generated included both market refuses and leftovers and household rubbish. Thus both Kebeles were similar in SW generation. Moreover, the modes garbage accumulation and collection processes were quite similar in both the Kebeles. Hence, fifty households from each Kebele were randomly selected as samples. The samples were selected randomly for the reason that the numbers of households live in both Kebeles were near similar although Jinela Kebele has the largest open market of the city. Besides household samples 20 municipal workers, who involved in SWM were selected on voluntary basis. Additionally, Garbage pickers numbering 5 (two elderly men, one elderly woman, one young lady and two boys) who were present collecting materials at the time of visit of the researcher to the dump sites were selected. This was because of the fact that those garbage pickers did not have any permanent address nor contact details. Aggregate case studies collected from both the municipal workers involved in SWM and the garbage pickers were presented in the result and discussion chapter. Further, the ethics of social science research were strictly followed for this project and the rights of the sample participants with special reference to sample selection, data collection procedure wer e adhered. Five enumerators, besides the researcher, were selected who had experience in conducting research projects/surveys and who could communicate in the local vernacular Harari and Afan Oromo besides the countrys official language Amharinga. The enumerators were given training for a week before data collection on the nature of the project and ethics of data collection in social science related projects. A checklist was prepared for the interview and group discussion and a semi-structured mini-interview schedule was prepared to elicit information from Households on SWM. Both the interview checklist and mini interview schedule were pre-tested with non-sample population in the study area and needed amendments/modifications were incorporated in them. The data so collected were interpreted in words supported by relevant tables, figures and individual case studies. 1.6. Delimitation of the Project The study was conducted only in two Kebele Administrations of Harar city viz. Amernur and Jinela Kebeles were selected due to time constraints and for the reason that the researcher lives and works in the proximity of these Kebeles ,visiting these Kebeles almost two to three times daily either for professional or for personal reasons or for both. Thus, he is well aware of the challenges of SWM in these Kebeles. Moreover, the facts emerged from this project with regard to SWM in these Kebeles are, more or less, true to other areas of the city. 1.7 Limitations of the Project The major problem that the researcher faced in this project was the disinterestedness of the sample population to undertake any campaign with regard to weak and poor SWM right in their dwelling area although they are quite aware of the health hazards that non-disposed or improperly disposed garbage might bring on them. One could understand from the photographs exhibited above how man and mammal live together with the garbage disposed. Hence, the researcher had to induce interest in them by talking to them the need for a better SWM system in the city and how in turn it would make their day-to-day life more pleasant than it is now. Eventually, he could make them actively participate in focus group discussions and answer the questions raised for data collection. Accordingly all samples gave all information available with them with regard to SWM in the city. 1.8 Significance of the Project As far as the knowledge of the researcher goes, no credible research done at Harar City with regard to MSWM except for a few consultant reports as mentioned elsewhere in this project. Therefore, it is believed that this project could serve as a secondary for potential research to be carried out in the days to come.

Going through the Mail :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

Going through the Mail "Would you please get the mail," my mother implored as I entered the door. Heading towards the mailbox, I wondered if I would find the typical assortment of bills and catalogues or something interesting addressed to me. To my delight, the first item was the new issue of PC Computing. Ever since I was introduced to computers when I was five, I have been fascinated by them. The summer before my sophomore year of high school, I wrote a program called Quickchange 95 using Visual Basic. This program changed the startup and shutdown screens of Windows 95. I distributed the program via shareware archives on the Internet, and I received email from all over the world from satisfied users. I shuffled through one of my mother's clothing catalogues to find my issue of Money Magazine. I have been interested in business and finance since the day which we started studying the stock market in fifth grade. The summer before my junior year, I combined my interests in business and computers by starting a web design company with a friend. We created a web site for a local bike shop which is only one of two bike shops in Connecticut to have a presence on the Internet. Currently, I am the head web designer for my school. I intend to combine computers and business in my future career. My goal is to work on the business side of a computer firm, and eventually, I would like to start my own computer company. A board of education letter of commendation for my participation in the FIRST robotics program also arrived today. I have been able to develop my entrepreneurial skills through the FIRST robotics program. FIRST is a national engineering competition in which partnerships are formed between local businesses and high schools to design and build a robot-like machine. The team has about six weeks to build a machine, that must be able to compete in a timed sporting event. I have been involved in FIRST each year of my high school career. Last year, I was team captain, and our team finished fourth in the country out of one hundred and fifty-six teams. As a result of my involvement with FIRST, I have improved my confidence, my leadership, and my team working abilities. FIRST gave me experience working with a diverse group of people with a variety of skills.

Global Competition

This week, the emphasis was on global competition and in what way this can influence an establishment’s strategy to boost profits and how to utilize global competition to examine the outcome of relationships among employees and management. These dual topics were fairly straightforward for all team associates to comprehend and might be able to relate to their trades. All team associates were able to convey the topics to their trades and recognize how global competition can influence their specific industry. The topic that we deemed the most affluent with this week was the effect of global competition on an organization’s strategies for maximizing profits. utilizing global competition as a process for maximizing profits is comparatively simple to comprehend because it is simple to see how a business can glance at their competitors internationally to realize where they are deficient or where they are exceling. Benefiting from another businesses marketing strategies or product ideas can help a boost a business’s product sales and can heighten their business. We all concur we should take a step back to see the big picture. Looking at each of our respective trades we often get stuck within the boundaries of our companies. This can limit our abilities to utilize the information gathered from our competition. Examining the result of global competition on the relationship between management and labor was a slight more problematic to understand due to the fact that some employers do not use global competition in order to gauge the relationship between employees and the management group in some of our respective trades. We have never first hand had to use this tool to center on the relationships among employees because the individuals in our departments were hired by Human Resources based upon the circumstance that they understand there will be a good working relationship among everyone. After discussing this issue we as a group find it is important to protect and evolve this relationship between labor and management based on global competition. Sometimes the scale of competition may be between countries, regions, states, or even on much smaller scale cities. Important things we find must not be left out when analyzing this relationship are simple. For example, economics, technology, political, and traditions can lead to a success. Increase wages steadily and keeping benefits for workers is crucial. Working from within to achieve competitive advantages goes hand in hand with improvements for your employees. 3 key points are protecting wages, job security, and benefit gains. Our group now has a better understanding on how global completion can affect companies. This can be in a positive or negative way. Reaching international customers is the main goal. Maintain access to customers, communication, improve service, and the reduction of barriers is very important.

Paula Deen Example

Paula Deen Example Paula Deen – Essay Example PAULA DEEN             In various aspects of management, there are essential skills that are beneficial to managers. Paula Deen is a celebrity chef with vital expertise in cooking. Hard work is imperative in every activity in the world of business and Paula Deen’s skills and hard work are evident since she took over from her home business and expanded it to be better (Barrows & Powers, 2009). Moreover, the cooking business requires a focused individual who has the crucial skills to do a great job in the business. Managers like Paula Deen possess unique management expertise and skills, which enables them to act wisely and effectively in their management positions. Paula Deen is more than a cook with culinary, management, and interpersonal skills that, make her unique. Generally, chefs oversee the daily operations of every activity in a hotel. A chef is an expert who can alter and work through various menus and recipe. Hence, these individuals are planners and organizers in every aspect of management. Therefore, there are various skills, which are vital to managers in their daily operations. Even though individuals require motivation to work in the food industry, business skills are very important (Barrows & Powers, 2009). Communication skills are very essential to every hotel manager. Therefore, a chef like Paula Deen requires these skills to relate and collaborate well with the staff. A hotel usually hires and schedules staff that help in daily operations. Communicating effectively to others in the work place is an invaluable skill that is essential to every manager. Therefore, Paula Deen is an effective manager who is able to deal with individuals from different cultures and backgrounds. Hence, various organizational and coordination skills are important on the food and beverage industry besides cooking and serving. Paul Deen was a professional chef who exuded confidence, intellectualism and inherent leadership etiquette. As a chef possessing these skills, he was capable of engineering the development of the management’s operations. References Barrows, C. W., Powers, T. F., & Powers, T. F. (2009).  Introduction to management in the hospitality industry. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons Benfari, R. (2013).  Understanding and changing your management style: Assessments and tools for self-development. Hinman, B. (2012).  Paula Deen. Pittsburgh: Eldorado Ink.

Traditional Massages essays

Traditional Massages essays Ancient Massage or Thai Massage is an extraordinary method of aligning the energies of the body, and originates from the time of the Buddha. Nuad Phaen Boran as is it called in Thailand, correctly translates only as Ancient Massage or Traditional Massage. More widely known today as Thai Massage, it is also often called Traditional Thai Massage, Ancient Thai Massage and occasionally Yoga Massage or Thai Yoga Massage. In our web pages, we wanted to use only Ancient Massage to be faithful to the original appellation but had to change our mind and also use Thai Massage to be referenced correctly by the search engines. If we did not use the words "Thai Massage", who would have found us and the information we wanted to share with students, researchers and practitioners of this art. The Healing Hands Center offers training not only in Ancient Massage or Thai Massage but also in Yoga, Tai Chi, Reiki, and other healing arts by masters in these various disciplines. At the time of the Buddha, among the lay physicians, the most renowned was Jivaka Komarabhacca, who is described as providing free medical care to the Buddha and other monks and donating his mango grove at Rajagaha for use as a monastic community, named Jivakarama. Jivaka's fame as a healer was widely known and tales about his life and medical feats can be found in almost all versions of Buddhist scriptures. Concerning his interest in medicine and his medical education, in the Pali account, Jivaka, as he approached the age at which he must seek his own livelihood, decided to learn the medical craft. Hearing about a world-famous physician in Taxila, he traveled to that city, famous for education, to apprentice with the eminent doctor. After seven years of medical study, he took a practical examination that tested his knowledge of medical herbs, passed with extraordinary success, and, with the blessings of mentor, went off to practice medicine. In the Sanskrit-Tibetan version,...

Government Deficits and Public Debt Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Government Deficits and Public Debt - Term Paper Example The reverse is a negative deficit where the outstanding government debt falls. This negative deficit is referred to as a surplus. The borrowing by a specific government issues securities to the parties holding the IOU which lays down the terms of the amount borrowed. The total amount of these IOUs equals the total of the debt that the specific government has not paid. This includes all the amounts outstanding which are inclusive of interest to be paid and the principal amount. The government debt is unlike other private accounting procedures where debt is a measurement of assets and liabilities of a government. The changes in capital are measured by capital budgeting which takes into account assets and liabilities. Several types of debts that are given out by several different governments can be divided into several ways. One way of classifying this debt is according to the specific type of government issuing the IOU. In the case of the United States, there are several divisions of government which includes Federal, state, and the local debt. This debt can, however, be classified by the period it would take to mature from the date of issue, for example, a five-year bond. The government deficit is expressed in real values rather than nominal values. This is because using nominal values would result in an overstatement of debt that is required to cover the government deficit. Moreover, the size of this government debt is measured by the debt ratio and also government debt is measured as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product. A deficit occurs in a situation where government purchases and transfers which form the government spending exceed income in form of tax receipts. To cover the deficit in su ch a case, the government must borrow. The finances of most industrial economies by the end of World War 1 were never as they are present.

Leadership and Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership and Management - Term Paper Example On the other hand, the essence of leadership is to  bring  a change in peoples’ lives. Leaders might not have any  formal  authority  to do yet they maintain cordial  relationships with  people  and give credit where it is due. By doing this, they acquire a referent power (McConnell). Although, they are  good  with people, they have to  maintain  their remoteness to keep the  charisma  of  leadership  alive.  This somehow makes their work easy because remoteness gives them  opportunity  to ponder upon things, and  come  up with  great  ideas that encourage people to accomplish their tasks.  A leader has an  immense  impact on an  organization  because he is the  one who motivates people to  work, encourages them to  do  better than before, makes them look at the positive sides of things and indirectly contributes in the productivity of an organization. Steve Jobs comes to mind when one thinks of  leadership  t hat took an organization to soaring heights of success.  His  leadership  proved exemplary when he was fired from the  company that he founded  and instead of complaining about his loss, he started ‘Next’ which Apple Computers Inc.  ultimately  acquired.  His  perseverance  and innovation makes him a  phenomenal  leader  and his  company  an epitome of perfection. Another  great  leader who had a  vision, who believed that failures give us an opportunity to learn, who said when  you  strive for something big, there are people who will  ridicule  and try to  tear  dreams  apart, but audacity  will  decide  how long will one  go is none other than Bill Gates. An important mantra of Bill Gates is that success must never reach the head. No matter how high  you  go, there is always  chance  to learn more.  Bill Gates  showed  a  new  aspect  of  leadership  that it is not necessary to lead, mot ivate and guide others but first  lead  yourself, make yourself capable enough to make others  follow  you  voluntarily. People often  consider  management and  leadership  as  same, but a few differences separate the two. A  manager  typically takes care of what one is doing, whereas a leader motivates one to  do  something  new  (Linda K. Stroh, Neale and Langlands). A  manager  seeks short-term objectives, whereas a  leader  has long-term vision in his mind. A manager makes an employee do things where as a leader guides him to  achieve  it.  A  manager’s  concern  is to be right whereas, a leader tries to  know  what is  right.  For example, the military has to manage its assets  well  to exploit its  efficiency  however, at the time of war, the  military’s significant  duty  is to win the war regardless of assets required.  At that moment,  only a  good  leader can  mould  the sit uation in his favor and achieve victory.  Management  will not  work  here because it uses  long processes and analyses to reach a decision. Manger gives people money to  work,  on the other hand,  a  leader  gives them  excitement  and support.  A  manager  will only try to find out solutions whenever he confronts a problem but, a leader will try to  hear  the  noise  behind silence and  create  questions to  identify  the cause of the problem. I disagree with the idea that all managers are leaders because